A strip mall 15 minutes down the highway from Manhattan is the last place I expected to hear the language spoken by Jesus Christ. But northern New Jersey is one of the places where Syriac Christians, driven from the Middle East by violence and persecution, have come to call home over the past few decades. If Jacob Hanikhe has his way, it will also remain one of the few places where Aramaic, an ancient tongue found throughout the Talmud and Gospels, is a living language.
An Aramaic inscription on a column in Palmya, Syria. (iStock)
Syriac, Assyrian and Chaldean Christians—their chosen name varies by denomination, but most recognize themselves as part of the same ethnic group—originally hail from the Middle East, where their Aramaic dialects were once the dominant language. Forced into diaspora by both ethnic and religious conflicts, the Syriac Christians in New Jersey, who number about 2,000 families and are mostly members of the Syriac Orthodox Church, have created Syriac establishments ranging from language schools to restaurants. They are now attempting to balance the American Dream with preserving their faith and reviving their ancient culture.
I meet Mr. Hanikhe at a bustling jewelry market, where Aramaic is almost as common as English, in the city of Paramus. A jeweler by day, he is the founder and principal of the St. Gabriel Aramaic School in Haworth, a borough in Bergen County, N.J. At his desk, behind a jewelry display case, Mr. Hanikhe displays religious icons and photos of Syriac families in traditional dress.
His desktop computer’s wallpaper is a photo of Eavardo, his home village in the Tur Abdin region of Turkey. Tur Abdin, an eastern section of Mardin Province whose name means “the mountain of the servants,” has been a center of Syriac life for centuries. Mr. Hanikhe wistfully points out the house he was born in and the church he was baptized in.
As a visible religious minority in the Muslim-majority country, Syriac Christians in Turkey have long suffered from violence. “Our business was much better, but there we had no rights,” Mr. Hanikhe laments.
According to a paper published in Ethnic and Racial Studies, the Christian community of Turkey has declined from almost one fifth of the population at the beginning of World War I to about 0.1 percent today. Under a collapsing Turkish government in the late 1970s, communist militants and nationalist gangs committed escalating acts of violence on each other and bystanders, and the military coup in 1980 brought another wave of violence, with an ethnic Kurdish uprising followed by a brutal state crackdown. (Indeed, local Syriac leaders requested not to be photographed for this piece, citing fears of the political situation in Turkey.)
Syriac Christians in New Jersey are attempting to balance the American Dream with preserving their faith and reviving their ancient culture.
But the worst attacks on the Syriac community had already come during the mechanized slaughter of World War I. Leading up to the war, the Ottoman Empire—which encompassed most of the present-day Middle East—had become increasingly hostile toward the Armenian and Syriac Christian communities under its control. During the dynasty’s collapse at the war’s end, Turkish troops and Kurdish militias massacred around two million Christian civilians, including hundreds of thousands of Syriacs.
Although several Kurdish groups have apologized for the Kurds’ role, Turkish law forbids calling the Year of the Sword, or Shato d Seyfo as it is known in Aramaic, a genocide. Family and place names were changed to erase their history; the village of Eavardo, for example, is Gülgöze on official maps. The ardent nationalism of Turkey and other secular Ottoman successor states often translates to continued repression of Syriac Christians—now motivated by a desire to whitewash history rather than simple religious fanaticism. With many nations in the Middle East attempting to cut the long thread of Syriac history, it is up to the diaspora in the United States and other countries to preserve it.
The Rise and Eclipse of Aramaic
The history of the Syriac people goes back to biblical times, and that is part of the appeal for learning the Aramaic language, says Melek Yildiz, deacon of the Mor Gabriel Syriac Orthodox Church in Haworth. As he puts it, his language is “antique.”
Part of the same Semitic language family as Arabic and Hebrew, Aramaic originated in the city-states around Damascus almost 1,000 years before Christ. It spread across the Fertile Crescent (present-day Syria and Iraq) during the Assyrian Empire and attained the status of a world language under the Persian Empire and remained dominant well into the Islamic era.
Even after the successors to Alexander the Great imposed Greek as the language of business and government in the Mediterranean, ordinary people continued to use Aramaic in daily life. Some of the names and phrases in the Gospels—such as eloi, eloi, lama sabachthani (“My God, My God, why have you abandoned me?”) from Mark (15:34) —are untranslated, colloquial Aramaic in the otherwise Greek text. Christians, Jews and Mandaeans (followers of John the Baptist) in western Asia began to speak distinct Aramaic dialects, and even the Zoroastrians (Magi) used an Aramaic-influenced script for the Persian language.
After the spread of Islam and the rise of the Umayyad Caliphate, the Aramaic language was displaced by its cousin Arabic. Converts to Islam found it politically and culturally advantageous to adopt the language of the Quran, which is not hard to learn if you already speak another Semitic language.
And so the Syriac dialects of Aramaic became a symbol of Christian identity, which they remain today. As Mr. Hanikhe of Paramus is keen on reminding me, Aramaic is the “language of Jesus.”
As the Arabic language rose with the spread of Islam, the Syriac dialects of Aramaic became a symbol of Christian identity, which they remain today.
Left to rule themselves—so long as they remained subordinate to Muslim rulers—the Aramaic-speaking Christians developed distinct identities as Syriacs, Assyrians or Chaldeans. Meanwhile, many of the ancient Greek texts collected by the House of Wisdom, medieval Baghdad’s equivalent of an Ivy League university, entered the Arabic literary tradition through the translations of Aramaic-speaking monks.
It is worth noting that there are Arab Christians, but the Syriacs are not among them. Some populations did adopt the Arabic language and an Arab identity without converting to Islam—and a few communities in western Syria retained Aramaic despite converting to Islam—but for Syriac Christians, their Aramaic heritage and Christian faith are inseparable.
“Our history is different from all of [the Middle East]. We didn’t have a state, only our church,” says Deacon Yildiz, who comes from the same village as Mr. Hanikhe. He is quick to add that Syriacs now wish they had a state, “because [people] are killing us left and right.”
Under Siege in Today’s Middle East
The ties between Syriacs’ language, ethnicity and religion have led to oppression from multiple sides. Muslim fundamentalists feel threatened by the Aramaic language because it is associated with a religion outside of their tradition, and secular Turkish and Arab ultranationalists feel threatened by the Aramaic-speaking churches because they are an expression of a unique ethnic identity.
One of the worst situations has been in Iraq. State-sponsored repression under Saddam Hussein and his pan-Arab nationalist regime gave way to wanton religious violence after 2003, as the poorly managed U.S. occupation unleashed a sectarian civil war. While the Sunni and Shiite Muslim militias fought each other, Christians were mostly unarmed, leaving them vulnerable to kidnappings and murders by both religious extremists and opportunistic gangs.
When hardline Salafist (Sunni revivalist) forces declared the formation of the Islamic State in 2014, they attempted to exterminate not only Shiites but also Christians and other religious groups like Yazidis. ISIS devastated the Nineveh Plain, the historical Syriac homeland in Iraq, displacing entire villages and destroying centuries-old churches.
The ties between Syriacs’ language, ethnicity and religion have led to oppression from multiple sides.
Now, as ISIS seems to be receding, Syriacs face a new threat. Athra Kado, an Assyrian activist from Tel Keppe, told me that Iraqi Kurdish parties and militias attempted to pressure local Assyrians into voting yes in September’s referendum on Kurdish secession. (Federal troops expelled Kurdish forces from Tel Keppe after the Iraqi government declared the referendum illegal, although nearby towns remain under Kurdish occupation.) Despite claims in the Kurdish media that Christians will benefit from the Kurdish “liberation” of Syriac lands, Mr. Kado also accuses the same Kurdish militias of disarming Christians and of abandoning them to ISIS.
Yet in neighboring Syria and Turkey, a Syriac and Assyrian socialist movement called Dowronoye has been working with left-wing Kurdish parties. There are Syriac fighters working alongside Kurdish and Arab fighters in the Syrian Democratic Forces, defending a region where ISIS has devastated Syriac communities just as it did in Iraq.
“Even though what is happening to our people in Iraq and Syria is horrific, it may also be our last chance to unify our [Syriac] nation and come out of it stronger,” Deacon Yildiz wrote in a pamphlet for a local Syriac event.
Setting Roots in America
In some respects, Deacon Yildiz is the one who laid the groundwork for preserving Syriac culture in New Jersey. He now works as a jeweler in the same building as Mr. Hanikhe. When I ask for an introduction to the deacon, Mr. Hanikhe calls him on the phone in Aramaic and points me to a booth across the room.
Deacon Yildiz fled Turkey with his family in 1979. One of his Syriac friends in America knew Mor Yeshue Samuel, who was the Syriac Orthodox archbishop of Jerusalem before leaving for the United States during the 1948 war and becoming the first Syriac archbishop of the United States and Canada. (He was also famous for helping discover the Dead Sea scrolls.) Archbishop Samuel hired Deacon Yildiz as a deacon and Aramaic instructor for a congregation in New Jersey.
The official history of the Syriac Archdiocese for the Eastern United States says that a deacon from Mosul named Micha al-Nakkar “probably settled in or around Boston” in the 1840s. Larger groups of Syriacs came over in later decades, as silk weavers from Tur Abdin moved to Rhode Island to work in the silk mills there. The archdiocese’s history says that their children often went into highly educated fields like law and engineering.
Deacon Yildiz says there has been a Syriac community in New Jersey dating back to the mid-19th century, and it has made some enduring contributions. Taw Mim Semkath, an Assyrian school in Beirut, Lebanon, established by immigrants to New Jersey, is “the oldest known Syriac Orthodox organization that is still functioning,” according to the archdiocese. Naum Faiq, a major neo-Aramaic literary figure and Assyrian nationalist thinker, came to New Jersey in 1912, where he wrote for and founded a variety of Aramaic publications. One of them, called Huyodo, is still printed by the diaspora in Sweden as Hujådå.
But because many joined the churches of American-born spouses, the Syriac community was severely diminished, notes Deacon Yildiz. “America is big,” he says, “it is easy to be finished.”
In a paper called “Becoming ‘Syrian’ in America,” Akram Fouad Khater of the University of North Carolina estimates that around 100,000 people from the Ottoman Empire immigrated to the United States between 1889 and 1919. An overwhelming majority were Christian, many of them Syriac. However, Akram writes that the Middle Eastern immigrants, squeezed between hostile nativists and paternalistic do-gooders, were often forced to relinquish their “uncivilized” culture for “the norms of a predominantly white, Anglo-Saxon, and Protestant middle class.”
Nationality quotas imposed in the 1920s all but ended Syriac immigration to America until such quotas were banned by the Hart-Celler Act of 1965. During that period many Syriacs fell out of touch with their homeland and culture, but some family ties remained strong—even across long distances. For example, Zia Attalla was the first Chaldean Catholic to immigrate to America, according to David Reimers’s Other Immigrants, and his 1889 journey to Philadelphia attracted many from his home village of Tel Keppe to the United States. More than a century later, a city council candidate in 2012 in southern California named Christopher Shamoon attributed his parents’ own decision to flee Iraq for America in the 1970s to Shamoon’s great-grandfather Attalla.
But when he first started working as a deacon in the United States, Deacon Yildiz saw “something empty.” The congregation was small, and mostly older people. The archbishop told him that he was not even sure there was anyone to teach Aramaic to. But once he received his green card, Deacon Yildiz began bringing over other families from Eavardo, including Hanikhe’s, bringing New Jersey’s Syriac population to a couple of thousand.
Today, “chain immigration,” which provides family-based pathways to permanent residency, has become a topic of political controversy in the United States. But that type of immigration allowed hardworking immigrants like Mr. Hanikhe and Deacon Yildiz to turn New Jersey from a place their language went to die to a center of Aramaic revival. Only about six months after Deacon Yildiz began teaching Aramaic classes, the classes grew too large for his house. The number of newcomers allowed the community to found several different churches, including St. Gabriel’s.
In fact, the head of the entire Syriac Orthodox Church, His Holiness Mor Ignatius Aphrem II, started his career in New Jersey. (Mor is an Aramaic term of respect somewhere between “sir” and “saint.”) Born in Qamishli, Syria, with the name Sa’id Karim, Mor Aphrem earned his doctorate in divinity at St. Patrick’s College, a Roman Catholic pontifical university in Maynooth, Ireland. When the famous Mor Samuel died, his archdiocese was divided into smaller territories, and Mor Aphrem was made Metropolitan Archbishop and Patriarchal Vicar of the Eastern United States at St. Mark’s Syriac Orthodox Cathedral in Teaneck, N.J. Elected the Patriarch of Antioch and All the East by a synod in 2014, Mor Aphrem now has a monastery named after him in Paramus.
Building on his community’s renaissance, Mr. Hanikhe founded the St. Gabriel Aramaic School about 20 years ago. Every Friday during the school year, around 500 children from Mor Gabriel’s congregation spend four hours learning both colloquial Syriac dialects and the literary Aramaic of religious scholarship. (There is an Assyrian dialect as well, but Mr. Hanikhe says it is not very different from Syriac.) There is also a Sunday school taught in Aramaic and a summer camp for both recreation and religious studies.
“When they’re attacking you, you try to unite to keep your language and culture.”
Mr. Hanikhe explains to me that many Syriac institutions do not get government support, so the revitalization of Syriac Christianity in New Jersey has been funded by the community itself.
The revitalization of Aramaic has also been helped by Suroyo TV, a satellite channel that broadcasts Aramaic content to communities around the world. Although its studio is in Sweden, Deacon Yildiz is on its board of trustees and holds events for the channel around the New York area.
He shows me a pamphlet for the Suroye bi Golutho, or “Syriacs in Diaspora,” gala. Hundreds of Syriacs gathered at the Assyrian Orthodox Church of the Virgin Mary in Paramus at an event in June 2016 organized by Suroyo TV. In addition to photos of the event, the pamphlet features photos of Syriac-American life stretching back decades, advertisements for Syriac-owned restaurants and jewelry shops, and the announcement of a new diaspora-funded humanitarian organization in Syria called the Syriac Cross Organization.
Mr. Hanikhe—who also speaks English, Turkish, Arabic and Kurdish—says that he does “not hate any language” but does prefer Aramaic. He complains that it is hard to teach young Syriac-Americans when they “run away from our culture,” but he happily remarks that the youngest generation is also the most enthusiastic about learning.
Some of the enthusiasm comes from the language’s long history, but it is also a matter of survival for the Syriac people. When previous generations gave up Aramaic culture in the process of assimilating, there were still thriving Syriac communities in the Middle East. The accumulated atrocities of the 20th century, however, have made it all the more important for the diaspora to preserve their culture.
“When they’re attacking you,” Mr. Hanikhe says, “you try to unite to keep your language and culture.”
New Generations and a New Vision
Not only are younger generations staying in touch with their parents’ language, many who had been disconnected from their Aramaic heritage are rediscovering it.
A wave of Palestinian Syriac immigrants came to New Jersey after Israel captured the West Bank and Gaza in the Six Day War in 1967, followed by an exodus of Syriacs during the Lebanese Civil War in the 1980s. Deacon Yildiz says that these Syriacs had already given up Aramaic in favor of Arabic. Many from other countries, like Turkey and Iran, had adopted those countries’ national languages as well.
Some families have not spoken Aramaic for generations, but by participating in the Syriac-American community, their children are returning to their ancestors’ language.
Sectarian divisions are also dampened in diaspora. Because the Syriac, Assyrian and Chaldean communities in America are so small, and because they experience many of the same things both at home and in diaspora, their common identity is strengthened.
Syriac-Americans may provide a template for other minority groups trying to resist the forces of homogenization, both at home and in diaspora.
“The attendees of tonight’s event may come from different churches and organizations, but we all speak the same language and come from the same heritage and we are all Syriac-Assyrian-Aramaic-Chaldean,” Deacon Yildiz’s introduction to Suroye bi Golutho said. “No matter what we call ourselves, the enemy [doesn’t] differentiate us.”
However, recent developments in U.S. politics have left many Syriacs uncertain about their future. For example, President Trump has presented himself as a protector of Middle Eastern Christians, but he was also elected on a wave of anti-immigration sentiment. Mr. Hanikhe says that most Syriacs in New Jersey voted for Trump. Chaldean Catholics in Detroit, the largest Chaldean community outside of the Middle East, turned out in droves for Trump, as Slate reported in a September 2017 article.
But Syriacs have learned that Mr. Trump’s nativist rhetoric does not necessarily distinguish them from other Middle Eastern peoples. The administration has been caught up in lengthy legal battles over its repeated attempts at nationality-based travel bans. The third iteration of the ban, the legality of which was still being argued in federal court at the end of December, includes Syria, which had the second-largest pre-war Syriac population.
The Trump administration agreed to remove Iraq, the country with the largest pre-war Syriac population, from the second iteration of the travel ban if its government began allowing U.S. authorities to deport Iraqis. This deal resulted in an Immigrations and Customs Enforcement crackdown on Iraqi-American communities across the country, many of them ethnic or religious minorities. Several Chaldeans from Detroit have already been deported; although a federal judge has temporarily halted the removals, many others face trouble staying in the country legally.
The Trump administration has also narrowed the definition of “bona fide relationships” for immigrants already here in order to curtail the “chain immigration” that allowed Syriacs to establish a community in New Jersey, and the president has called for an end to family-based immigration as part of a deal to renew the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program that protects undocumented immigrants brought to the United States as children from deportation.
Mr. Hanikhe says that Syriacs around the world have appealed to the United Nations to protect their community, both in the diaspora and in the Middle East, in light of the persecution they are suffering. But while he would prefer a safe and free Syriac homeland, Mr. Hanikhe says that many are left with no choice but to rebuild their community in diaspora.
This is possible only in a cosmopolitan vision of immigration, one that allows newcomers to integrate into American life without relinquishing their culture or institutions. The success of the Syriac-Americans, if it continues in the future, can provide a template for other minority groups trying to resist the forces of homogenization, both at home and in diaspora.
But regardless of the nation’s immigration policy, the Syriac-American community is probably here to stay. Despite persecution and the hardship of immigration, they have managed to cultivate a powerful consciousness of their history and culture—acting as survivors rather than victims.
“If you think it’s easy, it’s not that easy,” Mr. Hanikhe says, “but we have no choice.”
It’s just a comment: “ Tur Abdin” doesn’t mean “the mountain of the servants”, as you said. Abdin is the plural of “Abed” that means the person who worships God, e.g the Worshiper. So it name gets “The mountain of the Worshipers”.
@nizarnayouf
Praise God for these good people preserving the language of Jesus. "ABBA" equals "Heavely Parent" and includes the Mother, as well as the Father, translated in patriarchal language of just Father, refering to the AB=Dad, BA=Mom, as is the original "El" for God, is the formal E or Hebrew ' for the feminine attributes of God and l for the male nature or 'l . So little understood that many have been left in male idolatry by using only male nouns and pronouns of He and His which is just from patriarch language but was not the meaning of the Aramaic spoken by Jesus.
It is the original word Jesus spoke that is God inspired and maybe partly why is was not like a few other words translated! Please contact in would like more info. equality4peace@yahoo.com
Huh?
Some prominent Jewish and Christian scholars of the New Testament maintain that (a later from of) Hebrew, not Aramaic, was the language spoken and reflected in Greek in the Gospels. See;
Young, Brad H. Jesus the Jewish Theologian. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2011.
Flusser, David. Jesus. Jerusalem. IL: Hebrew University Magnes Press, 2001..
Thank you for writing this article, it is most informative!
Why should they be distinguished from other middle eastern communities? All are human beings made in the image and likeness of God. Both the Muslims and Christians are suffering in places like Iraq and Syria. It looks to me like it is Syrian Sunnis and Iraqi Sunnis who are now in danger, and being persecuted by the Assad regime or by the Shia government we installed in Iraq. Both are, under ISIS in ISIS occupied areas. But ISIS is being destroyed but not so those killing Sunnis . How many Sunnis have been killed by Assad's bombs or by the Shia Iraqi army /militias? Even here, it is an acceptable narrative to label anyone opposed to the Syrian regime as a terrorist. Collective guilt, collective punishment against Sunni /Iraqi Syrians is acceptable and exemplified in our refugee ban of desperate people in the most horrific situations. And in a PBS segment on the liberation of an ISIS held town [Mosul, I believe it was]. The western reporter was interviewing a Shia or Kurdish official about a prison where many Sunnis were being held . Any and every male of that city was detained. Even as they themselves had been under ISIS occupation and claimed they had been forced to commit atrocities, or be victims of them. These "liberated" prisoners were all being tortured, and the government official when questioned about this said;this is a prison. The reporter did not challenge this glib response but rather gave cover for it by saying; you want to make sure they don't rise up again. As if they had not been victims themselves. Justifying torturing people. Even innocent people as this town was occupied by brutal ISIS terrorists[ from all over the world] and prior to ISIS, persecuted by the Baghdad Shia/Kurd government we installed. These were a traumatized victimized people.Would a western reporter have covered for the torture of Christian prisoners? I doubt it. How may Sunnis have been killed, how many are refugees due to their being genocided by Assad/Iraqi Shia government, and the Wests' refusal to stop this? The Syrian regime supports the Christians as does the Iraqi regime. Yes they have been victims of terrorism too but to separate the victims into Christian and Muslims is divisive and hateful against Arab Muslims.
I speak as someone who has roots in Aleppo, descendants of the early Christians. I'm not buying into the divisive anti Muslim propaganda coming from middle eastern or any other Christians. The anti Muslim bigots here love these middle eastern Christians; and use them to prop up their hateful anti Arab Muslim propaganda . Millions of Sunnis have been killed by the mass murderer Assad/Putin regime yet because they are good to Christians this is tolerated here in the west. Appalling. You think all these middle eastern people are not mixed? Whether they speak Aramaic or Arabic, are Christians or Muslims.[ or Arab /Jews for that matter; now in Israel or the west]. Enough with the racism please!