Christians and Muslims must remain "united together in prayer," the pope said.

It should not be difficult for Catholics to acknowledge the reality of Islamophobia.

What Black Elk taught his people was to depend instead on something harder to take away than guns, the trust that prayers in their own language, delivered in their own way, would reach the god they addressed as Tunkashila.

Some see the end of the registry as a way to make it difficult for an incoming Donald Trump administration to target Muslims through such a program.

"We are united in the blood of our martyrs," Pope Francis said.

The combination of religion and politics then, just as today, was reinforced in cultural practices.