Before his election to the papacy, Joseph Ratzinger recalled an anecdote from the deliberations that preceded the Second Vatican Council. When they were first gathering, the bishops clearly saw their mission as continuing the work of the First Vatican Council. The primary task would be, as John XXIII so familiarly said, to help provide an aggiornamento of the church. But from within that perspective, another voice emerged, that of the elderly bishop of Regensburg. He proposed a more foundational vision to his brother bishops, urging them to “talk about God. That is what is most important.” According to Cardinal Josef Frings of Cologne, a new tone was evident after that intervention. The bishops’ task would indeed be to update the church, but the only way to authentically do that would be to allow for the primacy of the spiritual, to go to the divine source of the church, God’s very self. Going to this source would need to be an act of humility, opening up yet again, to the freshness of the mystery of what it means to be in relationship to God as God’s people. It would be an act of opening up to the light of faith.
Some fifty years later, the church has been given a new invitation to again allow for the primacy of the spiritual, letting this light of faith radiate anew. On July 5, Pope Francis offered his first encyclical to the universal church making precisely this invitation to Christians everywhere to experience the Lumen Fidei. Francis acknowledges the text is largely the work of his predecessor, “He [Benedict] himself had almost completed a first draft of an encyclical on faith. For this I am deeply grateful to him, and as his brother in Christ I have taken up his fine work and added a few contributions of my own” (No. 7). Lumen Fidei might well be read in light of that earlier intervention that preceded the council in which her pastors were called not just to adjust external structures and strategies for the renewal of the church, but first and foremost, to “talk about God.” This is precisely the task Benedict and ultimately Francis have undertaken in this encyclical that concludes a triptych on the theological virtues preceded by the ones on love (Deus Caritas Est) and hope (Spe Salvi). In each of these, Benedict offered extraordinarily tender visions of the nature of God who is self-emptying love and how humanity is saved by that love offered from the heart of Christ pierced on the Cross. He has pointed to the reality of humility in God as well as the necessity of humility in humanity to receive divine love.
Humble Popes
Francis’ popularity since his election has been well noted. The cause of this seems to be his simplicity and humility. Whether it was in the choice of his papal name, his first gesture from the balcony of St. Peter’s asking for the prayers of the people before he would offer his own blessing, or in his words and deeds since then highlighting a spirit of collegiality and resisting the trappings of pomp and circumstance, people of all sorts seem to be taken with his spirit. This manifestation of humility resonates with the preaching and writings of his predecessor. Indeed, the very act itself of the generation of Lumen Fidei strikes us as humble. The humility of Benedict who would do the labor of the writing and then simply leave it on the desk for his successor to do with it what he pleases, is striking. So too, we are struck by the humility of Francis to receive such a gift and then to acknowledge in the text itself that it was largely the work of his predecessor. There seems to be very little ego at work in either of these men. This is refreshing. And yet there is great zeal and confidence in each of them to propose to the world the joy that comes in living this common faith.
These characteristics of humility and receptivity set out the very structure of faith that this encyclical explores. Only in the posture of humility and receptivity can we be open to the light that comes to us from above. Faith is first of all a gift. The light of faith cannot be autonomously generated (No. 4). It is given first from God (No. 6). It is handed on down through the generations of the faithful who have preceded us (No. 8). It is given in a way that is mediated (No. 14), paradigmatically through Abraham and Moses. This gift of faith culminates in the person of Jesus (No. 15) and is extended to the present through the apostles whom he chose and their successors (No. 40). And yet this faith always remains personal. It requires not only our listening, but also our responding.
The structure of faith, since it is handed down from earlier ages, is about remembering. Following Augustine in various parts of the encyclical, Francis indicates that it is essential to use the sacred faculty of memory to continue to allow the light of faith to shine. We must remember what God has promised, indeed what God has done. Only in this act of remembering, in turning back to God and God’s word, can we get our bearings in the present to know who we are, what we are made for and where we are going. This structure is established from the beginning in the model of Abraham. He explains “As a response to a word which preceded it, Abraham’s faith would always be an act of remembrance. Yet this remembrance is not fixed on past events but, as the memory of a promise, it becomes capable of opening up the future, shedding light on the path to be taken” (No. 9).
Francis acknowledges that this call to remembrance is always a challenge because there is a constant temptation before us to lose patience with the call to remember who the living God is and to take the time to listen and speak with him. It is tempting to put our trust in something more immediate and not so unsettling as a relationship with a personal God. Drawing upon Martin Buber’s recollection of a way of describing idolatry as “when a face addresses a face that is not a face,” the constant need before us is to turn again to the living God who has shown us his face in Christ. We continue to be fooled into thinking there must be a more efficient way that exists, one that affords us a more acceptable level of control. Yet, “Once I think that by turning away from God I will find myself, my life begins to fall apart (cf. Lk 15:11-24). The beginning of salvation is openness to something prior to ourselves, to a primordial gift that affirms life and sustains it in being” (No. 19). This is the context of this encyclical on faith in the year of faith offered by Francis, seeking like his namesake, to rebuild God’s church by stirring up a desire in the people of God to seek again the face of God.
