Early Wednesday morning, Cardinal Bernard Law, the former archbishop of Boston whose legacy was marred by his role in the cover-up and the persistence of the church’s sexual abuse crisis, died in Rome. In 2010, James Martin, S.J., wrote this article tracing the causes of the sexual abuse crisis in the Catholic Church, which at that point was no longer confined to the church in the United States.
The terrible revelations of sexual abuse in Ireland and Germany have confirmed the reality that the abuse of children by clergy is not a phenomenon confined to the United States. Nor, as Kieran Conroy, the bishop of Arundel and Brighton in the U.K., stated in 2010, is the crisis a media creation. “It is real,” he said. “It is a reality.” Outrage among the Irish and German public, as well as people in many other countries, is the predominant, natural and justified response.
But buried beneath the shock and anger, especially for Catholics, however, is a searing question: How could this happen?
There is an important resource that may begin to answer this question: the detailed analysis of the roots of clerical abuse in this country, which was conducted by The National Review Board, the group of lay people who researched and reported to the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops in 2003. Some questioned the independence of the board, but I think that their situational analysis, carried out by committed and highly qualified lay Catholics, is accurate.
Buried beneath the shock and anger, especially for Catholics, however, is a searing question: How could this happen?
Looking at what the National Review Board viewed as the root causes of the crisis in this country may shed light on what happened elsewhere. On the whole, the board’s analysis is about the most accurate and insightful that we have about the American situation. Of course, these are presented by the board as reasons, not excuses. There are no excuses for these crimes.
The board asked two main questions. First, Why did so many priests abuse minors in the U.S.? Second, how could the U.S. bishops have dealt with the issue so poorly, or not at all? Regarding the first question, as I far as I understand, roughly 4% of U.S. priests from 1950 to 2000 were accused of abuse. This is slightly higher than that in other professions, including those who deal with children, like school teachers. (Most abuse, most studies show, takes place within families). But any number is too high and leads to the question of how, especially in a religious organization committed to helping others and living out what Christians call Gospel values, this could happen.
The board answers how so many priests could have been abusive by looking at two causes. (Their responses are in boldface. My own comments follow their points.)
1. Improper screening for candidates in the past.
From many conversations with men who entered minor seminaries or religious orders in the 1940s and 1950s, I know that the entrance requirements were less rigorous than today. One priest explained to me that to enter his religious order one needed merely to submit a recommendation from another priest and meet with the local provincial. If the provincial gave his approval, the candidate was accepted.
Compare this to what I faced when I entered the Jesuit Order in 1988: a battery of psychological tests (which culminated in a lengthy psychological evaluation to the Jesuits), six face-to-face interviews, an eight-day retreat, as well as having to submit a comprehensive autobiography, recommendations from six friends and co-workers, a physician’s examination, and so on.
Such procedures today—and especially those put in place after 2002—help to begin to weed out those with any serious psychological problems, such as pedophilia. Tragically, they were not in place many decades ago, in this country or abroad.
2. Poor formation or training for candidates.
Once again, it should be noted how different priestly formation and training are today as compared with even 30 or 40 years ago. At least in the U.S., it is difficult for a man to reach ordination without substantial exposure to issues on sexuality, intimacy and chastity, as well as questions of sexual abuse and professional boundaries. In the past, however, a great many priests at the time of their ordination failed to receive adequate training or counseling in any of these issues, setting the stage for problems in the future.
The board’s second question was: Why did the church leaders respond to the problem so poorly for so many years? Here is where the board’s analysis is especially astute.
1. Some bishops and other leaders did not understand the broad nature of the problem, but treated it sporadically.
Like many other people, even well-educated men and women, particularly if we are talking about the 1960s, 1970s and even 1980s, most of the American bishops simply did not grasp the terrible prevalence of in our society of such things as pedophilia, incest and spousal abuse. (“Megan’s Law,” for example, was passed as late as 1996, a testimony to this fundamental lack of understanding of these things in American society.) The bishops were among those still in the dark about this dark side of human behavior, and simply were at a loss to appreciate the magnitude of the problem. The same was most likely true in Europe as well.
Like many other people, most of the American bishops simply did not grasp the terrible prevalence of in our society of such things as pedophilia, incest and spousal abuse.
2. Many bishops put needs of institutional concerns above the concerns of the people. Historically, there is a deep antipathy to “scandal” in the Catholic Church.
In the church, where the community is seen as the “Body of Christ,” that is, a visible representation of Christ’s presence, and where Tradition is seen as one way that the Holy Spirit leads the Christian community over time, an attack on the church is often interpreted as tantamount to an attack on the faith itself. Similarly, the notion that the faithful needed to be “protected” from scandal (lest it lessen their love and respect for the church) made bishops less likely to admit even obvious problems with abusive priests. The horrible irony was that in protecting the faithful from “scandal” by concealing evidence of abusive priests, as well as shuffling them between parishes, some of the American bishops created the greatest scandal in the history of their church in this country. The Irish and German churches are also now seeing the fallout from “avoiding scandal.”
3. The threat of litigation caused many to adopt an adversarial stance.
Protecting the church is, particularly for a bishop, much more than simply protecting the “institution.” The financial losses that might be incurred from lawsuits were also (accurately) seen as losses that would damage the great many social services provided by the church: parishes, schools, hospitals, shelters. Some American bishops felt the need to protect this network of social-service agencies and so followed the advice of those lawyers who suggested adopting the most aggressive attitudes towards lawsuits. Sadly, those bishops failed to realize that those institutions, noble as they are, were not the only things that they should have been protecting.
4. Some bishops failed to comprehend the magnitude of the harm suffered by victims.
Needless to say, when some U.S. bishops failed to even meet with victims, a shockingly callous act, it was easy to ignore their suffering.
5. Many bishops relied too heavily on psychiatrists, psychologists and lawyers when making decisions.
Even today, and even more so in the 1960s and 1970s, when many cases were first brought to light, many bishops turned to mental-health professionals who themselves held conflicting opinions about the treatability of pedophilia. Is it curable? Is it genetic? Can a man be placed in active ministry after treatment? What is the best type of treatment? Would being placed in active ministry help the man in his “cure”?
Bishops, hardly experts in these matters, sometimes relied on flawed advice. Or they chose experts who told them what they most wanted to hear: that the man could be cured and returned to ministry. Still, it needs to be underlined that this does not excuse the bishop who moved the man who repeatedly abused and was just as repeatedly reassigned. One need not be a psychologist to see the stupidity of such decisions. And of course more recent decisions, say in the 1990s, are even more indefensible, given society’s (and the psychiatric profession’s) growing knowledge about pedophilia.
Bishops sometimes chose to listen to experts who told them what they most wanted to hear: that the man could be cured and returned to ministry.
6. Many bishops avoided confronting abusive priests.
The simple inability to confront and deal with difficult situations, whether out of apathy, ignorance or fear of conflict, seems to have played a major role in the crisis. This is something that cuts across cultural lines, and may have even been worse in European countries.
7. Many bishops placed interests of priests above those of victims.
The image of the bishop as the “spiritual father,” who protects and guides his priests has deep roots in the Catholic Church. Tragically, often overshadowed was the bishop’s larger and more important role as “pastor” or “shepherd” of all of the people in his diocese. Even worse, the welfare those who were most vulnerable—young children—was often ignored.
8. Canon law made removal from ministry onerous.
The process of “laicization,” that is, returning the priest to the “lay state,” and stripping him of his rights as a priest (the ability to celebrate Mass, wear a collar, call himself “Father”) is a cumbersome ecclesiastical process, designed to preserve the rights of the priests. Entering into it may have seemed overwhelming for some bishops. Indeed, Archbishop Rembert Weakland of Milwaukee, as reported this week by The New York Times, was forced to appeal directly to the Vatican to remove a notoriously abusive priest from ministry.
Those were the board’s findings. I would like to add four more reasons that I note from my own observations over the years.
1. Discomfort among the hierarchy with sexual issues in general
Some American bishops, mostly elderly men, were themselves uncomfortable, for a variety of reasons—some personal, some cultural, some familial, some related to their formation—discussing any matters of sexuality, particularly homosexuality, as well as the more frightening topics of pedophilia and ephebophilia, and the terrifying prospect of child sexual abuse. Again, this may be even more pronounced in Ireland and Germany among bishops and clergy.
2. Fear of Change.
Some bishops here were hampered by the inability to discuss the possibility that the scandal would lead to dramatic change in the church. If one fears a discussion of difficult church issues (celibacy, clerical culture, episcopal authority) one will naturally be more afraid of an issue that might provoke open up such discussions.
3. Inability to Admit Personal Sinfulness.
Some bishops were unable to accept personal responsibility or their own sinful (sometimes criminal) actions. From the beginning of the crisis, many of the bishops seemed to confront the crisis in the manner of a C.E.O., rather than as a Christian pastor. Some seemed to have forgotten that an essential part of the traditional “sacrament of reconciliation” (that is, “confession”) in the church is penitence: the need to make amends for one’s sins. It is not simply enough to confess, to admit sinfulness, and to beg for forgiveness from God and the person you have offended. One needs also a “firm purpose of amendment” and the willingness to engage in some form of penance. But public penance, like the resignation of bishops, or the explicit removal of bishops for failures in preventing sex abuse, —is too rare.
And of course, like anyone else, clergy are subject to the law of the land, and, if found guilty of crimes, should be be treated like anyone else.
Around the time that the scandals were breaking in the U.S., a Catholic sister I know said that the Christian response was at odds with what she called the “corporate response.” Quoting from the parable of the Prodigal Son in the Gospel of Luke, she described what a Christian response from an offending bishop would have sounded like: “I have sinned against God and you, and I no longer deserve to be called your bishop. I will resign and spend the rest of my life praying for victims.” Beyond any criminal penalties to be paid, such an action might have been understood by Catholics. Tragically, some bishops, the “teachers” par excellence in the community often ignored the treasures of their own Christian heritage
4. Suspicion of the Media
When cases of abuse were raised prior to 2002, some bishops viewed the media as adversaries. Prior to the crisis, Cardinal Bernard Law said that he “called down” the power of God against The Boston Globe. Despite some lingering anti-Catholicism in the American media’s coverage of the crisis (for example, their facile conflation of celibacy and pedophilia, the overlooking of abuse in other professions, and their stereotyping of all priests as abusers and all bishops as conspirators), the church needs to be grateful for the role of the media for revealing what the church itself was unwilling to confront. The “Charter for the Protection of Children and Young People,” adopted by the U.S. bishops in their meeting in Dallas in 2002, would not have happened without the Boston Globe.
Those are but a few reasons for the causes of the sexual abuse of children by clergy in the United States, as a board of committed Catholic laypersons saw them. This may begin to explain how and why these sinful actions and awful crimes happened. And how and why these terrible crimes and grave sins happened in Ireland and Germany, and elsewhere.
I would like to add to Fr. Martin's possible causes that contributed to the sexual abuses. 1) The lack of any feminine influences, either as instructor or candidate in their isolated seminaries. 2) The subtlety of clericalism that instills a sense of royalty, making them a breed apart, giving some priests a distinction that makes them feel--unconsciously or not--that they are above and not like the rest of us. That is a distinction that Jesus didn't seek. He was one of us.
"1) The lack of any feminine influences, either as instructor or candidate in their isolated seminaries." Since when? Many seminaries and theological schools have women as instructors, and many seminarians look towards the many Sisters who are also instructors for instruction and learning.
My limited experience with nuns suggests that they have little to offer in the line of wisdom about sexuality. My experience with nuns is limited because the ones I have met have been so badly behaved.
I agree that the lack of feminine influence, from adult women, is a factor contributing to sexual abuse. Clericalism is perhaps the primary factor that makes sexual abuse "excusable" to the perpetrator and some Catholics, plus it provides a way to hide abuse.
An insightful, still-cogent, analysis of what happened.
There are two major elements missing from this otherwise reasonable article: In the same report this was mentioned: Haywood and Green provided an overview of the literature pertaining to prevalence, offense/victim characteristics, and evaluation of cleric serial offenders. Depending upon the study, prevalence rates ranged from 2% to 6% (pedophiliac and ephebophiliac clerics), 20% to 40% (sexual mis-conduct with adults), 8.4% (in a sample of 1322), and 5.8% to 24% (boundary violations with adults) (Sipe, 1990; Loftus & Camargo, 1993; Friel & Friel, 1988; Goetz, 1992; Seat et al., 1993). In examining offense/victim characteristics, the authors concluded that clerics are more likely to engage in sexual misconduct with ADULTS than minors (John Jay Report 2004, 258). While adult victims are left out of the overall analysis of clergy sexual misconduct, nothing will change because I suspect the two are strongly interconnected. And this is the second element missing: Because of high levels of sexual activity of and between clergy, there is a very strong reason for many clergy to 'not throw stones' both for the biblical/gospel reason but more so because 'clergy in glass churches shouldn't throw stones'. Searson, a notorious sexual offender priest in Australia put it this way: ‘I am not worried about what the bishops might do to me because of what I know about the bishops’”
Sipe explained sexual activity between an older priest and an adult seminarian or a younger priest sets up a pattern of institutional secrecy. When one of the parties rises to a position of power, his friends are also in line for recommendations and advancement. This dynamic, he says, is not limited to homosexual liaisons. Priests and bishops who know about each other’s sexual affairs with women are bound together by links of sacred silence. A system of blackmail reaches into the highest corridors of the hierarchy in the Vatican and thrives because of this network of sexual knowledge and relationships. It is this system of blackmail that is central to the response of bishops, archbishops and cardinals, locally and around the world, relocating paedophile and pederast priests. The bishop’s primary objective is to avoid scandal to mother church and to contain and silence victims, but if the bishop is compromised because he is known to be sexually active, the predatory cleric resorts to blackmail.
Until this reality is accepted fully and openly, nothing much will change. As long as we stick with the sort of 'noble' sins of 'failing to act' and ignore such common ones, perceived as 'base and dirty' and therefore, far more threatening if revealed, abuse of children and ADULTS will continue. Given the excellent exposure of child sexual abuse, I suspect or fear those still psycho/sexually unresolved will now turn more to adults to misconduct with.
Stephen de Weger (catholicmetoo.com)
Cardinal Law was EXTREMELY complicit in advocating the sexual abuse of children by employing the steadfast protocol of moving molesters from one parish to another without EVER informing the parish of their abusive history. How shameful that we even have to contemplate Pope Francis showering Law with accolades at Law's funeral. This pedophile enabler should be buried without any pomp or circumstance.
Agree. A funeral at which the Pope administers final rights is a tone deaf response for the very real damage done by this individual. Cardinal Law had a hand in harming both those abused & those who lost their faith because of the actions of this Cardinal & his peers. One of the reasons listed in the article was that bishops put the needs of institutional concerns above the concerns of the people, how does this funeral, overseen by a pope differ? Has the church hierarchy learned anything?
The percentage of disciples in the priesthood is nearly as low as for Catholics in general. (And that's LOW.) That's the real issue. The motivation for religious behavior is often something else. (And there are a lot of alternatives.) So it's not surprising when these kinds of things happen. Want the situation to improve? Work on that.
I'm a retired mental health professional who was there when the extent of sexual abuse including incest became more apparent and a flood of persons came in with emotional and mental wounds stemming from this abuse-- in the late 1970s, the early 1980s. The church seemed to be unaware of this, unaware that this was happening not just in homes, but in the church, until two decades later. It was behind the times. It was unprepared. It seemed clueless. It's leaders reacted poorly, defensively, seemingly more concerned about the church and it's image than about victims. Gradually the response was better, more helpful, more Christian. But, as mentioned above, the lack of women in leadership positions limited their vision, their understanding. There still seems some resistance to fully acknowledging the harm done, to fully confessing.
I have long thought another factor is the loneliness and poor support many priests suffer. They carry a lot of their communities' difficulties often without a supportive "family", in emotional isolation. This is such an important responsibility for the institution to grasp.
"many bishops turned to mental-health professionals who themselves held conflicting opinions about the treatability of pedophilia. Is it curable? Is it genetic? Can a man be placed in active ministry after treatment?"
The question they should have been asking is not, "Should he get therapy, or can we let him work again?" The question they needed to ask was: "Should a man who has committed a sexual assault against a child (generally considered a felony - see definitions.uslegal.com) be hidden and protected from the legal system?"
We are still not making a clear distinction between someone who has admitted to pedophile tendencies and someone who has been credibly accused of (often multiple times) and has even admitted to having acted out these tendencies in sexual assault - specifically molestation, oral and anal rape. Sorry to be so specific.
Someone with pedophile tendencies could perhaps have benefited from therapy and then a ministry far apart from children. But someone who has acted on these tendencies is a criminal and should ONLY be "treated" through the legal system.